๐ถ Introduction (เคชเคฐเคฟเคเคฏ)
- Indiaโs physical features have evolved through geological processes over millions of years.
เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคเฅ เคธเฅเคฅเคฒเคพเคเฅเคคเคฟ เคฒเคพเคเฅเค เคตเคฐเฅเคทเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคญเฅเคเคฐเฅเคญเฅเคฏ เคชเฅเคฐเคเฅเคฐเคฟเคฏเคพเคเค เคฆเฅเคตเคพเคฐเคพ เคตเคฟเคเคธเคฟเคค เคนเฅเค เคนเฅเฅค - Internal (endogenic) and external (exogenic) forces have shaped India’s landforms.
เคเคเคคเคฐเคฟเค เคเคฐ เคฌเคพเคนเฅเคฏ เคฌเคฒเฅเค เคจเฅ เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคเฅ เคธเฅเคฅเคฒเคฐเฅเคช เคฐเคเคจเคพ เคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค
๐ท Geological Structure of India
(เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคเฅ เคญเฅเคเคฐเฅเคญเฅเคฏ เคธเคเคฐเคเคจเคพ)
เคคเฅเคจ เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคญเฅเคเคฐเฅเคญเฅเคฏ เคญเคพเค:
| เคเฅเคฐเคฎ | เคญเคพเค (Part) | เคตเคฟเคตเคฐเคฃ (Description) |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Peninsular Block (เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฏเคฆเฅเคตเฅเคชเฅเคฏ เคชเค เคพเคฐ) | เคธเคฌเคธเฅ เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคจเคพ เคเคฐ เคธเฅเคฅเคฟเคฐ เคญเฅเคญเคพเค |
| 2. | Himalayan Mountains (เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคฒเคฏ เคชเคฐเฅเคตเคค) | เคเฅเคเฅเคเฅเคจเคฟเค เคชเฅเคฒเฅเคเฅเคธ เคเฅ เคเคเคฐเคพเคต เคธเฅ เคฌเคจเคพ |
| 3. | Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain (เคเคเคเคพ-เคฌเฅเคฐเคนเฅเคฎเคชเฅเคคเฅเคฐ เคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคจ) | เคจเคฆเฅ เคฆเฅเคตเคพเคฐเคพ เคเคฎเคพ เคเฅ เคเค เคเคฒเฅเคขเคผ เคฎเคฟเคเฅเคเฅ เคธเฅ เคฌเคจเคพ |
๐บ๏ธ Physiographic Divisions (เคธเฅเคฅเคฒเคฐเฅเคชเฅเคฏ เคตเคฟเคญเคพเคเคจ)
เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคเฅ 6 เคฎเฅเคเฅเคฏ เคธเฅเคฅเคฒเคฐเฅเคชเฅเคฏ เคญเคพเคเฅเค เคฎเฅเค เคตเคฟเคญเคพเคเคฟเคค เคเคฟเคฏเคพ เคเคฏเคพ เคนเฅ:
โ 1. The Northern and North-Eastern Mountains
(เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐเฅ เคเคตเค เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐ-เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคตเฅ เคชเคฐเฅเคตเคค)
๐ก Himalayas are divided into 4 ranges (เคเคพเคฐ เคถเฅเคฐเฅเคฃเคฟเคฏเคพเค):
| Range | Hindi Name | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Trans Himalaya | เคชเคพเคฐ เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคฒเคฏ | Karakoram, Zaskar ranges โ Very high, dry region |
| Greater Himalaya | เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคฆเฅเคฐเคฟ | Highest peaks (Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga) |
| Lesser Himalaya | เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคเคฒ | Hill stations (Shimla, Mussoorie), valleys |
| Shiwalik | เคถเคฟเคตเคพเคฒเคฟเค | Youngest, made of unconsolidated sediments |
๐ก Purvanchal Hills (เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคตเคพเคเคเคฒ เคชเคฐเฅเคตเคค):
Located in North-Eastern India โ Patkai, Naga, Mizo, Manipur hills
โ 2. The Northern Plains
(เคเคคเฅเคคเคฐ เคเคพ เคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคจ)
| Zone | Hindi | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bhabar | เคญเคพเคฌเคฐ | Pebble-strewn narrow belt along the foothills |
| Terai | เคคเคฐเคพเค | Marshy area, dense forests |
| Bhangar | เคญเคพเคเคเคฐ | Older alluvium, slightly elevated |
| Khadar | เคเคพเคฆเคฐ | Newer alluvium, fertile for farming |
๐ธ Rivers: Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra
๐ธ Highly populated and agriculturally productive region
๐ธ Almost level surface
โ 3. The Peninsular Plateau
(เคชเฅเคฐเคพเคฏเคฆเฅเคตเฅเคชเฅเคฏ เคชเค เคพเคฐ)
| Sub-Part | Hindi | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Central Highlands | เคฎเคงเฅเคฏ เคเคเฅเคเคญเฅเคฎเคฟ | Between Narmada & Vindhyas |
| Deccan Plateau | เคฆเคเฅเคเคจ เคเคพ เคชเค เคพเคฐ | Triangular shape; between Western and Eastern Ghats |
| Eastern Ghats | เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคตเฅ เคเคพเค | Discontinuous hills |
| Western Ghats | เคชเคถเฅเคเคฟเคฎเฅ เคเคพเค | Continuous, high elevation; source of rivers |
๐ธ Oldest landmass
๐ธ Rich in minerals
๐ธ Rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, Kaveri
โ 4. The Indian Desert
(เคญเคพเคฐเคคเฅเคฏ เคฎเคฐเฅเคธเฅเคฅเคฒ)
- Located in western Rajasthan
- Sandy soil, dunes (เคฐเฅเคคเฅเคฒเฅ เคฎเคฟเคเฅเคเฅ เคเคฐ เคงเฅเคฐเฅ)
- Very low rainfall (<150 mm per year)
- River Luni is the only large river
- Thar Desert is part of this division
โ 5. The Coastal Plains
(เคคเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคจ)
| Coast | Hindi | Features |
|---|---|---|
| Western Coastal Plain | เคชเคถเฅเคเคฟเคฎเฅ เคคเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคจ | Narrow, between Western Ghats & Arabian Sea โ Divided into Konkan, Karnataka & Malabar coast |
| Eastern Coastal Plain | เคชเฅเคฐเฅเคตเฅ เคคเคเฅเคฏ เคฎเฅเคฆเคพเคจ | Wide, between Eastern Ghats & Bay of Bengal โ Divided into Northern Circar & Coromandel |
๐ธ Important rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri
๐ธ Deltas are found on Eastern Coast
๐ธ Estuaries on Western Coast
โ 6. The Islands
(เคฆเฅเคตเฅเคช เคธเคฎเฅเคน)
| Island Group | Hindi | Details |
|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar | เค เคเคกเคฎเคพเคจ เคเคฐ เคจเคฟเคเฅเคฌเคพเคฐ | Bay of Bengal, volcanic origin, 572 islands |
| Lakshadweep | เคฒเคเฅเคทเคฆเฅเคตเฅเคช | Arabian Sea, coral origin, 36 islands |
๐น 10ยฐ Channel separates Andaman and Nicobar Islands
๐น Important for biodiversity and strategic location
๐ Extra Important Points (เค เคคเคฟเคฐเคฟเคเฅเคค เคฎเคนเคคเฅเคตเคชเฅเคฐเฅเคฃ เคฌเคฟเคเคฆเฅ)
- Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states.
เคเคฐเฅเค เคฐเฅเคเคพ เคญเคพเคฐเคค เคเฅ 8 เคฐเคพเคเฅเคฏเฅเค เคธเฅ เคนเฅเคเคฐ เคเฅเคเคฐเคคเฅ เคนเฅเฅค - 10ยฐ Channel separates Andaman and Nicobar.
10 เคกเคฟเคเฅเคฐเฅ เคเฅเคจเคฒ เค เคเคกเคฎเคพเคจ เคเคฐ เคจเคฟเคเฅเคฌเคพเคฐ เคเฅ เค เคฒเค เคเคฐเคคเคพ เคนเฅเฅค - Himalayas are young fold mountains.
เคนเคฟเคฎเคพเคฒเคฏ เคฏเฅเคตเคพ เคตเคฒเคฟเคค เคชเคฐเฅเคตเคค เคนเฅเคเฅค
NCERT EXCERCISE
Question 1: Multiple Choice Answers
(i) Which one of the following water bodies separates the Andaman from the Nicobar Islands?
โ
Answer: 10ยฐ Channel
(ii) On which of the following hill ranges is the ‘Dodabeta’ peak situated?
โ
Answer: Nilgiri Hills
Question 2: Short Answer Type (Write in about 60โ70 words)
(i) If a person intends to visit Lakshadweep, which coastal plain would they benefit from and why?
Answer:
If someone wants to visit Lakshadweep, they will benefit from the western coastal plain of India. This is because Lakshadweep is located in the Arabian Sea, near the western coast. Major ports like Kochi and Mangalore in Kerala and Karnataka provide easy access by sea. Also, the western coastal plain is closer to Lakshadweep than the eastern coast, so travel becomes easier and shorter.
(ii) Where in India do we find a cold desert? Name some important ranges of this region.
Answer:
India has a cold desert in the Ladakh region of the Union Territory of Ladakh. This area is dry and very cold due to its high altitude and less rainfall. It lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas. The important mountain ranges in this region are the Zanskar Range, Ladakh Range, and the Karakoram Range. These mountains make the climate dry and create the cold desert conditions.
(iii) Why does the western coastal plain not have any delta?
Answer:
The western coastal plain of India does not have any deltas because the rivers that flow into the Arabian Sea, such as the Narmada, Tapi, and Mandovi, are very short and fast-flowing. They directly enter the sea without slowing down or spreading. So, there is not enough time or space for sediments to deposit and form deltas. Instead, the coastline has estuaries and narrow plains.
Question 3: Long Answer Type (Write in about 120โ150 words)
(i) Compare the island groups of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
Answer:
India has two major island groups: Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea and Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
The Lakshadweep Islands are made of coral reefs and are flat, small, and low-lying. There are about 36 islands in this group, and the capital is Kavaratti. These islands are close to the Kerala coast.
On the other hand, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are mostly volcanic and hilly. There are about 572 islands, and the capital is Port Blair. The two groups are separated by the 10ยฐ Channel.
The Andaman group is rich in forests and wildlife and has many tribal communities. It is also located in a more earthquake-prone area. In comparison, Lakshadweep is less populated and more peaceful but has fewer natural resources.
(ii) Which are the major physiographic divisions found in the river valley plains?
Answer:
The major physiographic features found in the river valley plains of India, especially the Indo-Gangetic plains, are:
- Bhabar: A narrow belt of pebbles and rocks at the foothills of the Himalayas. Rivers disappear underground here.
- Terai: Just below Bhabar, this is a wet, marshy, and forested area where rivers reappear.
- Bhangar: Older alluvial soil, found slightly above flood levels. It is less fertile.
- Khadar: Newer alluvial soil, very fertile and found closer to rivers. It is often flooded and renewed.
- Delta: At the mouth of rivers, especially the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta, the land becomes flat and forms triangle-shaped islands.
These features make the plains highly productive and important for agriculture.
(iii) If you are to travel from Badrinath to Sunderbans delta along the Ganga river, what major landforms will you come across?
Answer:
If you travel from Badrinath in Uttarakhand to the Sunderbans Delta in West Bengal, following the path of the Ganga river, you will pass through many landforms.
- In the beginning, you will see high mountains and glaciers in the Himalayas.
- As you move down, the river enters the Bhabar zone, a rocky region where the river goes underground.
- Then you pass through the Terai, a swampy area with thick forests and rich soil.
- After this, the river flows through the Indo-Gangetic Plains, which are flat and have Bhangar (older soil) and Khadar (newer, fertile soil).
- Finally, in West Bengal, the river spreads into many branches to form the Sunderbans Delta, the largest delta in the world, with mangrove forests and tidal rivers.
This journey shows the complete physical geography of northern India.
